What Does a Nonprofit Audit Consist Of?

Nonprofit audits may seem intimidating at first glance, but they serve as powerful tools for financial transparency and accountability. Whether required by funders or pursued voluntarily, an audit conducted by an independent Certified Public Accountant (CPA) can significantly strengthen a nonprofit’s credibility and financial health.

Financial Statement Examination

The foundation of any nonprofit audit is the detailed analysis of financial statements. This includes the balance sheet, income statement (statement of activities), and cash flow statement. The auditor’s job is to determine whether these reports fairly represent the organization’s financial status in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). This involves confirming account balances, tracing transactions, and cross-verifying documentation.

Internal Control Review

Next, the auditor evaluates the nonprofit’s internal controls—policies and procedures designed to safeguard assets and ensure accurate financial reporting. Examples include separation of duties, approval processes for expenditures, and systems for tracking donations. Strong internal controls reduce the risk of errors or fraud and are key indicators of sound financial management.

Compliance Assessment

Regulatory and grant compliance is another critical component of the audit. Auditors verify that the organization is using restricted funds appropriately, meeting grant requirements, and following federal, state, and local laws. They may also examine payroll records, donor restrictions, and government grant documentation to ensure adherence to legal obligations.

Auditor’s Opinion and Final Report

At the conclusion of the audit, the CPA issues a formal opinion on the financial statements. The best outcome is an unqualified opinion, which means the auditor found the financial statements to be accurate and fairly presented. Other possible opinions include qualified, adverse, or disclaimer, each signaling increasing levels of concern.

Conclusion

A nonprofit audit is more than a compliance requirement—it’s an opportunity to improve financial practices, build trust with stakeholders, and demonstrate fiscal responsibility. By understanding what the audit process entails, nonprofit leaders can better prepare and use the experience to enhance transparency and long-term sustainability.